Candide: A Satire On The Enlightenment :: Voltaire Candide Essays

Candide: A Satire On The Enlightenment Works Cited Missing Candide is an outlandishly humorous, far-fetched tale by Voltaire satirizing the optimism espoused by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. It is the story of a young man’s adventures throughout the world, where he witnesses much evil and disaster. Throughout his travels, he adheres to the teachings of his tutor, Pangloss, believing that "all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds." Candide is Voltaire’s answer to what he saw as an absurd belief proposed by the Optimists - an easy way to rationalize evil and suffering. Though he was by no means a pessimist, Voltaire refused to believe that what happens is always for the best.The Age of Enlightenment is a term applied to a wide variety of ideas and advances in the fields of philosophy, science, and medicine. The primary feature of Enlightenment philosophy is the belief that people can actively work to create a better world. A spirit of social reform characterized the political ideology of Enlightenme nt philosophers. While Voltaire’s Candide is heavily characterized by the primary concerns of the Enlightenment, it also criticizes certain aspects of the movement. It attacks the idea that optimism, which holds that rational thought can inhibit the evils perpetrated by human beings. Voltaire did not believe in the power of reason to overcome contemporary social conditions.In Candide, Voltaire uses Pangloss and his ramblings to represent an often humorous characterization of the "typical" optimist. Of Pangloss, Voltaire writes, "He proved admirably that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause and that in the best of all possible worlds the Baron’s castle was the best of all castles and his wife the best of all possible Baronesses." (522) The attack on the claim that this is "the best of all possible worlds" permeates the entire novel. Throughout the story, satirical references to this theme contrast with natural catastrophes and human wrongdoing. When reunited with the diseased and dying Pangloss, who had contracted syphilis, Candide asks if the Devil is at fault. Pangloss simply responds that the disease was a necessity in this "the best of all possible worlds", for it was brought to Europe by Columbus’ men, who also brought chocolate and cochineal, two greater goods that well offset any negative effects of the disease. (526)The multitudes of disasters, which Candide endures, culminate in his eventual, if temporary, abandonment of optimism.

Free Macbeth Essays: Atmosphere and Setting :: Free Essay Writer

Atmosphere and Setting in Macbeth Atmosphere and setting plays a very important part in Macbeth. The play starts with the Witches, which is at a desolate place with thunder and lightning. This is first of all a pathetic fallacy because of the weather being so bad and the hideous appearance of the witches. This scene also gives us the first sign of the supernatural. The witches are the man source of the evil and supernatural in the play and they also give an impression of fear, horror and mystery. It is important of them to start the play, as they are the catalysts for all Macbeth's decisions, so obviously they effect the play quite a lot. They can foretell the future, defy the laws of nature and change the weather. But their powers are ambiguous; they have to answer to Hecate. They can turn into animals but when one of them turns into a rat it has no tail, showing their flawed power. They also can't make Macbeth kill Duncan; they just create an atmosphere, manipulating him, which makes him want to kill him. They use animals to enhance the atmosphere and amplify their evil, unnatural state. Shakespeare doesn't just use animals to show the evil of the Witches he also uses animals to convey the state of the country, ie, when the horses eat each other after Duncan has been killed. This shows that Scotland is in a state of disorder. The witches also speak in riddles, "fair is foul and foul is fair" which gives the play an uneasy atmosphere, as does their language "Birth strangled babes". The Witches mainly give the play an uneasy feel because they are violating God's natural order. Noise also gives quite a tense atmosphere in the play. When Macbeth goes to kill Duncan, Lady Macbeth hears a knell (a traditional funeral bell), an owl shriek and crickets cry. These are all signs of death and it makes Macbeth think that more people know about what Macbeth has done. Also when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are talking after the murder, there is a knocking which gives a very uneasy and tense feel. Also as the play goes on, Macbeth becomes very paranoid about any noise and it makes the play very tense. Colour does play a role in setting the atmosphere but only in one or two of the scenes. Red, of course is very important because of the amount of blood in the play. It also plays a big part because both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth talk about the 'red misty hell'. Linked with colour is the important use of light and dark ni the play to

The Earth-sifters of Tel Bet Shemesh Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay

The Earth-sifters of Tel Bet Shemesh    The newest addition to my bedroom wall is a framed enlargement of a summer solstice sunrise. It's not the only photo on my walls, but this one is different.  Ã‚      In that photo, light from a nearly-visible sun looms up from behind a cluster of tents and human silhouettes that could easily date back to the Early Iron Age. In fact, those silhouettes belong to twenty-first century, Early Silicon Age students in search of thirteen hundred year old artifacts atop an ancient, artificial mountain that was created over centuries as successive cultures built upon the ruins of previous civilizations. For me, as for the other students and professors who worked this summer at the archaeological excavation at Tel Bet Shemesh, this photo conjures up memories of earth-sifters and wheelbarrows, rhythmically chinking pickaxes on stone, and excavation grit grinding between our teeth. Zvi and Shlomo, our fearless Israeli directors, would excitedly exhort us to sweep, scrape, and sift with near-reckless abandon, on only one condition: we could never, unde... ...cial conflict. Because of the government's involvement with archaeological exploration and archaeology's dependence on international volunteers at Israeli excavation sites, not even remote digs were spared the political posturing that characterizes Middle Eastern life.    I highly recommend this experience to students who have a passion for cultural or political history, who are willing to work long hours, and who can live in a close community with other volunteers. Enthusiasm more than makes up for a lack of previous archaeological experience.

The Macro Environment Of Brewing Industries Commerce Essay

The macro-environment of the UK brewing industry are the major external and unmanageable factors that influence its operating organisation ‘s determination devising, every bit good as its public presentation and schemes. To place and measure its cardinal factors, utilizing the PESTLE model will supply a comprehensive list of influences and cardinal drivers in six chief classs, which are: political, economic, societal, technological, legal, and environmental. This method allows concerns to see and research how their external environment might alter so that they are prepared if things should alter.PESTLE analysis of the UK Brewing IndustryPolitical Changes and reforms of Licensing Laws in line with Government policy Relaxation of gap hours and late dark gap National lower limit pay addition impacting wages and rewards EU influence and statute law sing steps of drinks EU and National Government guidelines sing wellness Local and National Government concerns sing negative facets of ‘binge imbibing ‘ Budget additions in responsibility on intoxicant Government program to increase revenue enhancements comparing to around & A ; lb ; 8million Increased responsibility on beer to 9 % and rising prices by 2 % Economic National and international economic downswing means people by and large have less disposable income for socializing Rise in staff rewards due to National Insurance and Minimum Wage additions Cut monetary value offers for intoxicant in supermarket publicities Additions in conveyance costs in line with Fuel pricing Steadily falling employment Pubs create 18 occupations per pint than the supermarkets who merely create 3 Rising costs of energy, nutrient revenue enhancement and employment Social Culturally saloons are the Centre of societal life, topographic point to run into friends and for locals to socialize Easily accessible as saloon are by and large situated near to Town Centres or on chief paths Localised locale known for gigs, unrecorded music, themed darks for younger consumers Demographically increased local pupil population Media concern with negative facets of ‘binge imbibing ‘ Increased consciousness of wellness concerns Increased advertisement on mainstream media of devouring intoxicant responsibly Wider pick and gustatory sensation of alcoholic drinks in supermarkets for consumers Technological Developments in bringing of cold beers and chilled ale Development of broad scope of flavoured alcoholic drinks Local involvement in nightlife promoted via multi-media, web sites, web logs and societal networking Ads for intoxicant consciousness and responsible imbibing on mainstream media Increased advertizement for intoxicant trade names via multi media Legal Smoking Ban Stronger enforcement of underage imbibing ordinances on local and national degree Changes in Drink Driving Laws EU statute law on steps of drinks served Environmental Recycling Waste, litter, garbage produced in local country Transportation system and bringing costs of goodsThe Macroeconomic Environment? ?Key DriversThe Changing Nature of the Competitive EnvironmentShow a Five Forces analysis of the competitory environment of the UK beer industry and discourse the changing nature and consequence of these forces ( 30 Markss )The brewery industry is extremely competitory and extremely concentrated concern. There are a figure of forces at work here all of which can supply an penetration into how appealing the brewery industry is, in footings of whether it is the type of industry to come in or go forth ; if there is room to exercise any type of influence and how the rivals within this industry impact its public presentation ( Johnson,2009 ) . To assist supply an analysis of the brewery industry and develop a concern scheme, utilizing Michael E. Porters Five Forces Model will find its competitory strength or attraction of a market.Porter ‘s Five Forces Analysis for the UK Brewery Industry***NOTES FROM WO RKSHOP: The industry is unattractive and unprofitable, the forces cut down the net incomes the house can make†¦it ‘s acquiring worseThe Strategic Directions of AdnamsAgainst the background of a worsening industry, the beer maker and saloon operator Adnams seem to be bucking the tendencies. Assess the strategic waies chosen by Adnams that have aided their advancement. ( 40 Markss )Adnams is a British brewery founded in 1890 in Southwold, Suffolk. In 2008 in malice of the economic downswing, Adnams began to do alterations in how the brewery procedure operates to cut down its impact on the environment. In making so Adnams decided to work more closely with local husbandmans and manufacturers who supply their breweries and hotels ; in add-on to this through a partnership with a local concern Adnams installed an anaerobiotic digestion works to turn brewery and nutrient waste into biogas, which has been a immense success.DecisionTable of AppendixsMeeting LogsMeeting Title:Strate gic Management AssignmentDate:22ndFebruary 2011Time:12:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Library Resource Centre )Meeting No.1Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Familiarize ourselves with one another and exchange contact inside informations Ensure everyone has a transcript of the instance survey Skim over the instance survey and insight possible paths for inquiries 1, 2 and 3 Following meeting day of the month: 1stMarch 2011 By the following meeting everyone should hold read and understood the instance survey to the full, and made slug points for each inquiry.Meeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:1stMarch 2011Time:12:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Library Resource Centre )Meeting No.2Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Gather all the notes made for each inquiry Decide who will make which inquiry Following meeting day of the month: 8thMarch 2011 By the following meeting everyone should hold made a start on their assigned inquiry so that everyone can read over it and offer suggestionsMeeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:17thMarch 2011Time:14:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( Mid Level )Meeting No.3Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:Combined the work that everyone has done so far separately for each inquiry Whatever is left to make everyone should make, and we will convey it together for the following meeting Following meeting day of the month: 22ndMarch 2011 By the following meeting all the inquiries will be answered by everyone and set together jointly and everyone will read the assignment and take notes on which subdivisions they feel are irrelevant so that it will be cut down to do relevant together so that everyone is happy with its contentMeeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:22ndMarch 2011Time:11:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( )Meeting No.Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:To discourse why subdivisions of the assignment are irrelevant To take out subdivisions that everyone agrees are irrelevant Following meeting day of the month:Meeting Title:Strategic Management AssignmentDate:24ndMarch 2011Time:13:00Location:Kingston Hill Campus ( )Meeting No.Attendants:Alfred Okanlawon, Andrina Beau-Pierre, Damian Brooks, Rosetta Azah-Thomas, Jermaine RandolphSubjects:To compose up the debut ( foreword ) and decision as a group Hand in the assignment Following meeting day of the month:

Qualitative Research Assignment Essay

1. Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research ? Yes. In the article, the aim of the research was to understand the experience of participants, their knowledge about type 2 diabetes, and the factors of medication adherence in Malaysia. According to Susan (2010), the five components of PICOT are population, issue, context, outcome, and time. According to Al-Qazaz et al (2011), the PICOT was presented by the researcher in the study were, P: Type 2diabetes patients with receiving of hypoglycemic medication. I: Identifying participants’ perception, and their knowledge about type 2 diabetes disease and medication. C: USM clinic of Malaysia, where the study took place. O: It helps people living with type 2 diabetes to have a diverse understanding by relating with other people’s experiences. T: March and April of 2009.  Qualitative PICOT is a framework to help in formulating effective clinical question in a step-by step manner (Melnyk and Fineout , 2010). 2. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate ? Yes.Qualitative research is to study a person’s behavior and lived experiences related to what is being studied in the research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011). The key characteristics of qualitative study in this article included a small sample size, in-depth interview (semi-structured), researcher involving during interview, non comparisons and non numerical. In qualitative study, sample size are usually small that achieve in-depth understanding of the experiences or feeling of the participants (Polit and Beck, 2012). Meanwhile, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data by codding participants’ ideas arising until no more new themes emerging. According to Polit and Beck (2012), semi-structured interview can provide rich and detailed information during phenomenon study. In this study, a phenomenological approach was used to described the aim of the research. It is to understand the experiences of diabetic patients in Malaysia, and explore their knowledge about the medications that they have been taking. According to Judith (2007), qualitative research is characterized by its  aims to understand the experiences and attitudes of patients. In brief, a qualitative methodology is appropriate to this research. 3. Was the research design appropriate to address the aims of the research ? Yes. According to NCBI (2014), a Phenomenological study can probably explore participant’s lived experience, beliefs about the efficacy of the medication, side-effects of drug and participants’ adherence to the treatment regime. By the square, in this article, the aim is to understand the participants’ experience and explore their knowledge and medication adherence related on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, phenomenological approach is appropriate to address the aims of the research. The advantages of Phenomenological study is to reveal patients’ beliefs and experiences by a flexible way to explore the respondents’ attitude, and allowing deep understanding about knowledge and feeling of participants (Polit and Beck, 2012). However, its limitation is that samples are often small band and the researchers are not attempting to generalize the findings. 4. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research ? Yes.The researcher recruited participants from USM clinic and who were diagnosed type 2 diabetes while taking on hypoglycemic medications through a convenience sampling. According to HRDAG (2013), convenience sampling is to recruit participants from a particular clinical setting during data collection of a qualitative research. Moreover, convenience sampling is easy and efficient to extract the greatest possible information from the new cases in the sample, until there is no new data could be obtained and the redundancy of data saturation was achieved (Polit and Beck, 2012). However, convenience sampling may not be a preferred sampling in qualitative research due to unable to bring out the most information-rich sources and the representative of the population (Polit and Beck, 2012). In this article, the data was only obtained in one specific clinic, that would affect the credibility of result, such as the adverse effects of medication, and the satisfaction rates from health providers. It would be better if the researcher use purpose sampling into the study.Purpose sampling is to choose participants based on specific purposes, and it is primarily used in qualitative research (Polit and Beck, 2012). it can achieve  representativeness of the population and provide credibility of the result, because the researcher will not only focus on one clinic during recruitment of participants. 5. Were the data collected in a way that addressed the research issues ? Yes.A semi-structured interview was developed for data collecting of the research. Semi-structured interview is a paper-based interview guide which contain open-ended questions and the participant to follows (RWJF,2008). Moreover,Semi-structured interview provide rich, detailed information in the phenomenon study (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the study, the researcher has described in-depth interview to explore patients’ beliefs and experiences. Besides, a consent form was signed by participants before interview, a direct tell phone contact for arranging a time of interview. Further more, all the interview has been audiotaped, and the researcher did line by line analysis and coding the data to identify the key themes. The researcher interpreted to the participants who could not understand English during the interviewing by translating from a staff nurse to avoid bias that might affect the findings. In short, the data collected were fully addressed the research issue of this study. 6. Has the relationship between researcher and participants been adequately considered ? Yes. Qualitative researchers need to develop a strong relationships with participants in the study to establish credibility (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the article, all the participants were informed the purpose of this study, and a consent form was signed by each of them. The researcher also made phone call to arrange time and place that participants would like to choose for each interview. Besides, they are allowed to express their own views at the time of interview. From the analysis above we can see the participants have been fully respected by the researcher to gain their trust. Therefore, the relationship between researcher and participants has been adequately considered in this study (Al-Qazaz et al 2011). However, there was no mention about reflexivity by the researcher in this article. According to RWJF(2008), it described that reflexivity is a process use to exam researcher’s relationship to the respondent that refers to how the researcher’s values, beliefs, acquaintances and interests influence his/her  research. It would be better if it is mentioned about how the researcher located herself or himself in the study, the readers can identify how it affect the data obtaining, that will gain the findings of the research to be more credible (Polit and Beck, 2012). 7. Have ethical issues been taken into account? Yes.In the study, a respect for human dignity was fully presented based on informing the participants about the purpose of study, distributing a consent form, and a direct phone contact before interview. The participants have been fully respected by the researcher to benefit as well as the individual’s rights. Besides, they are allowed to express their own views at the time of interview, and the participants can choose place where they feel more convenience to be interviewed. It gave researcher a chance to explore the depth-richness data from participants, and enhance the participants’ autonomy and anonymity in the study. Further more, the study was also approved by the local ethics committee. In short, the ethical issues have been taken into the study as well. There was no coercion could be found in the study. However, the researcher did not mention about the confidentiality and how was data protected. Besides, they did not mention how many times participants understanding were checked before the consent form given. According to Polit and Beck (2012), it is described that it must deal with ethical issues if the studies involving human beings, because the human rights must be protected. 8. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous ? Yes. In the study, the researcher has described clearly that a transcript of 12 audiotaped in-depth interviews were double checked for its accuracy. And the researcher identified the emerging themes via line by line data analysis and coding the relevant content data into categories until the data saturation was met and no more new data emerging from the interviews. According to Polit and Beck (2012), data saturation is a measurement of sample size that based on informational needs under the study. It is to achieve the rigour of data analysis until no more new information can be obtained. However, the researcher failed to mention about member checking in this study. It is not clear whether the researcher asked participants to  review and comment on the case summaries or drafts of the research report. It will effect the credibility of the data. According to Polit and Beck (2012), member checking defined as the researcher confirm their data accuracy by providing a feedback to the part icipants during data are being collected to ensure that participants’ meaning were understood, and it is for enhancing validation of the research. Further more, the researcher mentioned their data were analyzed by using means of a standard content analysis framework. Its aim was achieved by a appropriate phenomenological design in this study which have been discussed in question two. Moreover, the rigor and validity can also result in developing trustworthiness of qualitative research, and the five criterion for evaluation the trustworthiness in the research include in credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity (Polit and Beck, 2012). In the study, a phenomenological design was conducted with a semi-structured interview of data collection, and coding method for data analysis. this can be sufficiently proved its credibility, dependability, and confirmability. Therefore, it can be said the data analysis of this study is sufficient rigorous. 9. Is there a clear statement of findings? Yes. Four major themes were clear stated in the study which included (1). Participants’knowledge about type 2 diabetes and its medications; (2). Side-effects of medications; (3), adherence issues; (4), relationship with family on well-being (Al-Qazaz et al 2011). According to Polit and Beck (2012), the researchers interpret the data by rereading, categorizing and coding, then developing a data analysis to point out the themes into a unified whole. In this study, the researcher used qualitative design to consider increasingly the transferability of the findings to reflect the true experiences of the participants. It is relevance and accurately from the data, and give reader thought to the implications of the study for future research and practice. Meanwhile, the researcher are in the best position to demonstrate their limitations what they have been aware from the study. Consequently, it told readers that the researchers have done what they could do to guarantee the findings we re clearly and accurately as well. 10. How valuable is the research ? The purpose of qualitative research findings was described to explore participants’ experiences to develop a specific nursing intervention for improving a better outcomes of patients, and as a potentially applicable evidence influencing in future practice (NCBI,2011). Overview this study, a phenomenological approach that explore the aim of the research, it is to understand the experience of participants, their knowledge about type 2 diabetes, and the factors of medication adherence in Malaysia. Besides, it allows a deep understanding about knowledge and feeling of participants(Polit and Beck, 2012). Moreover, a semi-structured interview was used to provide rich and detailed information during the study for its validity(Polit and Beck, 2012). Further, a convenience sampling recruited participants and extract the greatest possible information to achieve data saturation for its rigour. Meanwhile, the ethical issues has been taken into account by the researchers to benefit as well as the individual’s rights. On the other side, the researcher demonstrated their limitations what they aware of the study to enhance the findings more clearly and accurately. Regarding quantitative findings, it is not generalizable that can be applied to entire populations, however, it is generalizable in a way this particularly pertinent to nursing practice in which there is an expectation that scientific finding, and provide knowledge about human experiences to readers for future research.Thus it can be seen, the research is quite valuable. Conclusion Critical appraisal is a process to judge weather a research is usefulness or its findings are trustworthy(Young and Solomon, 2009). The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) produced a simple critical appraisal checklist guide people developing their skills what they need to make sense of scientific evidence(Burls, 2009). All of above,by following the CASP checklist in quantitative research, it was presented a Randomized Controlled Trial Appraisal Tool, to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention , a large sample size and a blinding to achieve the reliability of the outcome and prevent bias, a intention-to-treat analysis to compromise the validity of the study. Moreover, generalizability of the study can be practices in  other countries and helpful for further study. However, in qualitative research, the CASP is helped to understanding people’s lived experience and explore participant’s experience of taking the drugs, beliefs about the efficacy of the drug, side-effects and the adherence of treatment regime. A phenomenological method has been used in the qualitative study through a semi-structured interview, convenience sampling and coding to reveal patient’s beliefs and experiences, and allowing understanding of the knowledge and coping strategies in which the quantitative research is unable to cover. More, in this qualitative study, sample size is tend to be small, and the finding is not generalized(Polit and Beck, 2012). Both of researchers have considered validity, findings, and its relevance. However, in the qualitative article, if the researcher use a purpose sampling method and mention about reflexivity and member checking during data collection, that will enhance validity of the findings to be more accurate. Reference 1. Aveyard H and Sharp P (2009) A Beginner’s Guide to Evidence Based Practice in Health and Social Care Professions.Glasgow: Open University Press. 2. Al-Qazaz H, Hassali M and Sulaiman S (2011) Perception and knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia about their disease and medication: A qualitative study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 7: 180-191. 3. Bandolier (no date) Intention-to-treat analysis (ITT) Available at: http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/glossary/itt.html [Accessed 5/92014]. 4. Chan Z, Fung Y and Chien W(2013) Bracketing in Phenomenology: Only Undertaken in the Data Collection and Analysis Process?The Qualitative Report.Volume 18, Article 59, 1-9 [online] Available at:http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR18/chan59.pdf(accessed 26/10/2014) 5. Denzin N and Lincoln Y(Eds)(2011)The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (4thedition). Thousand Oaks:SAGE 6. Human Rights Data Analysis Group(2013) Convenience Samples: What they are, and what they should (and should not) be used for [online] Available at: https://hrdag.org/convenience-samples-what-they-are/ (accessed 3/9/2014) 7. LONDON SCHOOL of HYGLENE and TROPICAL MEDICINE(no date) Qualitative methods useful for agriculture, nutrition and health programmes. [online]Available at:https://ble.lshtm.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/54407/mod_resource/content/107/ANH101/sessions/S1S2/ANH101_S1S2_040_010.html(accessed 28/10/2014) 8. Melnyk B.M and Fineout-Overholt E (Eds) (2010) Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice (2nd edition). UK: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 9. MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES(2007) A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology [online] Available at: http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf (accessed 28/10/2014) 10. Melling A, Ali B, Scott E and Leaper D (2001) Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomized controlled trial. The lancet, 358: 876-880. 11. NCBI(2014) A phenomenological study to explore the experiences of Ugandan women that have undergone transvaginal ultrasound [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175835/(accessed 1/9/2014) 12. NCBI (2011) Qualitative Research Findings as Evidence: Utility in Nursing Practice. [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021785/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2014]. 13. Polit D and Beck C (Eds)(2011) NURSING RESEARCH Generating and assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (9th edition). UK:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 14. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project Semi-structured Interviews [online] Available at: http://www.qualres.org/HomeSemi-3629.html [Accessed 11 Nov. 2014]. 15. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008) Qualitative Research Guidelines Project what is reflexivity [online] Available at: http://www.qualres.org/HomeRefl-3703.html [Accessed 12 Nov. 2014]. 16. Susan B.S, Fineout-Overholt E, Melnyk B.M and Williamson K.M(2010) Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice. The American Journal of Nursing.Vol. 110,No.3.Available at: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=982283&an=00000446-201003000-00028&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID=(accessed 22/10/2014)

An Application for Admission to the UCLA’s Anderson School’s MBA Program for the fully employed

My childhood dream was to establish a business concern of my own. With the passage of time this desire to foray into the world of business intensified. However, my dream remained unfulfilled due to the absence of financial support as I had been born in a poor family.In addition to this, a major calamity befell upon me due to the sudden demise of my father, which resulted in the devolution of the family responsibility upon my young shoulders.Nevertheless, my inner aspiration of establishing myself in some business never subsided and it continued to haunt me, so that I ultimately decided to join a fully – employed MBA course. The objective of my seeking admission to this course was to further my interests in the financial markets.However, my circumstances and responsibilities towards my family forced me to complete my graduation in Computer Sciences. The main reason for my acquiring a degree in this field of study was that it offered very good job opportunities at that point of time. My assessment was that a job in the computer field would provide me with sufficient money to discharge my responsibilities towards my family.  After the completion of graduation in Computer Science, I received offers of employment from a number of companies as a software consultant. I excelled in developing software for different tasks, especially in the Banking and Trading sectors.While developing software programs for the Trading sector, I obtained a fairly deep insight into the world of Trading and Investments in the stock markets. My childhood aspirations that had lain dormant for years came to the forefront.The knowledge that I had gleaned, enabled me to establish my own trading portfolio in the year 2002 and I started to trade stocks on my own. I was quite successful in motivating a number of my friends to enter into the financial markets and I explained to them the concepts involved in trading, the secrets of financial markets and more or less everything about the mar ket.Consequently, most of my friends invested in the financial markets and became wealthy. The upshot of this was that a number of people started to come to me for my valuable advice regarding financial matters. Moreover, I became an adept in financial issues and the people, who took my advice in financial matters, advised me to join some reputable MBA program.I evaluated their advice and the consequences of changing my career. I decided upon a short term goal, to work for a brokerage firm as this would enable me to achieve sufficient knowledge in investments and takeovers. After having accomplished this goal, I was desirous of establishing my own brokerage firm in India to provide support to native companies that yearned to acquire international companies.The scrutiny of a number of international universities offering the MBA program convinced me that my desire to acquire excellent managerial and analytical skills would be best satisfied by the fully employed MBA course of the UCLA . Moreover, this degree will equip me with sufficient knowledge and expertise to succeed in the financial markets.A perusal of the curriculum of the MBA program at UCLA Anderson School of Management was overwhelming to say the least. The teaching style adopted in this school is practical and interactive.It emphasizes active participation and case study techniques in a virtual business atmosphere, which will go a long way to gain expertise in problem solving methods and make me highly proficient in my electives, namely, venture capital, option market strategies, takeovers and restructuring (Fully Employed MBA Program, 2007).Furthermore, I conducted a number of interaction session with the alumni of this school and concluded that this MBA program would provide a very good learning experience and expertise, which would enable me to realize my childhood dream of establishing my own business.Moreover, this program provides an objective review of the business luminaries and provides a gol den opportunity to examine the business practices and case studies of multinational businesses in an academic setting.In addition, this course will enable me to avail myself of the opportunity to make use of sophisticated academic facilities that will enhance my knowledge. In short this program would conduce to transform me into a powerful character and instill me with confidence and this would allow me achieve my professional and personal goals.  My perseverance and positive attitude helped me to discharge my duties towards my family and my financial status has also improved enormously. These factors will be extremely helpful in reaching my lifetime goals.I had established two companies and my intention, at this juncture, is to acquire sufficient business experience and skills to expand my businesses. Due to globalization, a trend has commenced in the developing countries to encourage businesses and industries that conform to the international norms.This is the era of great oppor tunities and the most opportune time to join the MBA program at UCLA Anderson School. The Anderson School also conducts the International Field Study program which would be of great advantage to me, because it permits students to participate and learn the business practices of the foreign companies.ReferencesFully Employed MBA Program. (2007). Retrieved October 4, 2007, from UCLA Anderson School of Management: http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/x119.xml

Psychology: Nervous System and William James

1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history? 2. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of: 3. Interactive dualism is the idea that: Mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences. 4. Psychology is formally defined as:The scientific study of unconscious mental processes. 5. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? Wundt investigated basic sensory and perceptual processes. 6. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? In 1879 Wundt opened the first psychology research laboratory which marked psychology as an independent field of study. 7. Which early ap proach or â€Å"school† of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? Structuralism 8.You are a subject in an experiment who is told: â€Å"Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them. † The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? Structuralism 9. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? William James 10. Which school of psychology would agree that â€Å"psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments†?Functionalism 11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mary Whiton Calkins? 12. Who would have been most likely to say: â€Å"Why you behave the way you do is because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness†? Sigmund Freud 13. Your therapist is v ery interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? Psychoanalysis 14. Behaviorism was characterized by: observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified. 15. My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences. † Such a statement would most likely be made by: William James 16. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food? Ivan Pavlov 17. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 18. Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? Carl Rogers 19. Humanistic psychology emphasized: In self-determination, free-will, and the importance of choice in human behavior. 0. The development of drugs that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders an d development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades. 21. Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who helps people develop choices and self-direction in striving to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon probably subscribes to the Humanistic perspective of psychology. 22. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem soving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 3. As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology? 24. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures? 25. In collectivistic cultures, a person's sense of identity: is interdependent with others 26. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to: judge other cultures by the standards o f our own culture. 27. Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection? 28.Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of: studies how our brains perceive, process, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli. 29. Mrs. Brunberg works with children who have special needs, helping them to develop their intellectual and social skills. Mrs. Brunberg is most likely a _____ psychologist. 30. Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. 31. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about clinical psychologists? 32. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? escribe, explain, predict, and influence behavior 33. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of: verifiable evidence based on objective observation, measurement and experimentation 34. A hypothesis is: A tentative statement about the r elationship between variables. 35. An operational definition is: A precise description of how the variables will be measured. 36. Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable? Independent variable 37. In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:observe and describe behavior. 8. Meta-analysis is: Used to analyze the results of several studies into a single analysis in order to identify overall trends. 39. The word replicate refers to: To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. 40. When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: they are using the descriptive method called naturalisticobservation. 41. A pseudoscience is a: A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. 2. A case stu dy is a(n): Highly detailed description of a single individual. 43. One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: people may not report accurate information 44. A correlation coefficient is: Used to measure how an independent variable relates to dependent variable 45. The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called: Independent Variable 46. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is: The controlled factor in an experiment.It is hypothesized to cause an effect on another variable. 47. In an experiment, the dependent variable is: The measured facts. It is hypothesized to be affected. 48. Random assignment refers to a procedure that: Every subject in the study should have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group. 49. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to: To have a group of stable and unchanged variables to compare and analyze results to. 50. The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to: help prevent the influence of inadvertent demand chatacterisitcs. 1. The ethical requirement of informed consent means that: purpose procedures risks confidentiality alternatives to participation costs compensation questions consent statement participation is voluntary 52. The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called: biological psychology 53. The branch of science that is concerned with the study of the nervous system is called: neuroscience 54. Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells? functions like glue Forms the myelin sheathAssist neurons in communicating with each other Removes waste products from neurons Nourishes neurons Besides the neuron, it also the other main type of cell in nervous system 55. The three basic types of neurons are: Sens ory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons 56. Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Interneurons 57. The primary function of the myelin sheath is to: The primary function is to insulate the neuron cells so that it can conduct quickly. 58. The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the: Synaptic Gap 9. Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter? They are special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron. 60. What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site? They are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again. 61. Like a key in a lock, the shape of the Neurotransmitters must fit the Receptor site to affect the postsynaptic neuron. 62. The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine: Is found in all motor neurons. It stimulates muscles to contract, including the heart and stomach muscles. 63.Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that produce: Dopamine 64. Miguel jogs about five miles a day. At roughly the three-mile point, Miguel usually experiences a rush of positive feelings due to heavy levels of Endorphins. 65. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central nervous system and the Peripheral Nervous System. 66. In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the: Motor neurons 67. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two different branches called the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. 68. Which of the following best defines neurogenesis?The development of new neurons. 69. Which represents the largest region of the brain? Cerebrum 70. The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called: Corpus Callosum 71. The hippocampus plays a key role in: The ability to form new memories. 72. Of the following brain structures, which is associated with the emotional responses of fear, disgust, and anger? Amygdala 73. W hy was the split-brain operation first performed? It was performed to stop the patient’s seizures. 74. Functional plasticity: Refers to the brains ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain. 75.The notion of structural plasticity: Refers to the brain’s ability to physically change its structure in response to learning, active practice, or environment stimulation. 76. In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: The process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. 77. In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: Process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory. 78. The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called: Transduction 9. The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect is called: The abso lute threshold 80. The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the: absolute threshold 81. According to Weber’s Law, whether we can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus. 82. Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called: Subliminal Perception 83. John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold.He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of: Sensory Adaption 84. Rods are used for vision in Dark light, and cones are used for vision in Bright light. 85. Which theory best explains color vision in humans? The trichromatic theory and opponent process theory. 86. The sense of hearing is also known as: Audition 87. As you walk into your office, you are almost overwhelmed by the strong smell of the cologne with which the copier repairman has doused himself.Because you have studied this chapter, however, you reassure yourself that sensory adaptation will occur and you will become much less aware of the odor in approximately: 88. The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: Approach the experience with positive, receptive attitudes. 89. A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of: Meditation 90. Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception are called: Psychoactive drugs 91. Taste is to gustation as smell is to olfaction. 92.According to your textbook, factors that can INCREASE the perception of pain include: Anxiety and a sense of helplessness. 93. You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the: Vestibular Sense 94. The term gestalt means: meaningful whole perceptions 95. The ability to accurately gauge the distance of the coffee cup on your desk as you reach for it is called: depth perception 96. As you walk on the beach, every detail of the rocks, shells, and sand beneath your feet seem crisp and distinct. As you look further down the beach, however, the details of the ground in the distance seem fuzzy and blurred.Because of the depth perception cue of texture gradient, you perceive the ground beneath your feet to be much closer than the ground that extends into the distance. 97. Distance cues that involve both eyes are called _____ cues. binocular 98. Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues. vestibular 99. It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream. William James 100. The term circadian rhythm refers to: any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24 hour cycle in the absence of 24 hour cues. 01. Circadian rhythms that are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues can produce: jet lag 102. If you are like most people, you experience a daily slump in your mental alertness around 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily fluctuation in mental alertness is an example of: delta brain wave activity. 103. According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming: dreams are a byproduct of physiological processes in the brain. 104. As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating beta brain waves. 105.Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of: hypnologic hallucinations 106. As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in: stage 4 NREM sleep 107. According to the adaptive theory of sleep: sleep emerged in evolution 108. The most common sleep complaint among adults is: Insomnia 109. Somnambulism is also called: Sleep walking 110.The term nocturnal enuresis is: bedwetting 111. The parasomnias are: undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions. 112. What is sexsomnia? abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep 113. In a study described in your text, research participants learned a new task before going to sleep. During the night, some participants were repeatedly awakened during NREM sleep, other participants during REM sleep. What did the researchers find when they tested the participants on the new skill the next day? 114. What is a lucid dream? When you can control your dreams 15. Who said, â€Å"In every dream an instinctual wish has to represented as fulfilled. † Sigmund Freud 116. Which of the following best defines hypnosis? A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotists suggestions. 117. Pseudomemories: are false memories that can be inadve rtently created when under hypnosis 118. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: Caffeine 119. Alcohol is classified as a: Depressant 120. Prolonged use of cocaine can: cause withdrawal symptoms. 121. Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home.Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on _____. 122. Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine that can be easily manufactured, provides an intense high, and causes a reduction in the brain's dopamine transporters and receptors. 123. _____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue. Ecstacy 124. Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?